the doctrine

doctrine [dɔktʀin]

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nom féminin doctrine

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doctrine nf doctrine.

[dɔktrin] nom féminin

doctrine

 

доктрина
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

doctrine (law)
A rule, principle, theory, or tenet of the law, as the doctrine of merger, the doctrine of relation, etc. (Source: WESTS)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• doctrine (law)

DE

• Lehrmeinung

FR

• doctrine (droit)

    The Question of the Validity and Justification of Metaphysics

   There have been many opponents of metaphysics from the Greek sceptics to the empiricists of the nineteenth century. Criticisms of very diverse kinds have been set forth. Many have declared that the doctrine of metaphysics is false, since it contradicts our empirical knowledge. Others have believed it to be uncertain, on the ground that its problems transcend the limits of human knowledge. Many anti-metaphysicians have declared that occupation with metaphysical questions is sterile. Whether or not these questions can be answered, it is at any rate unnecessary to worry about them; let us devote ourselves entirely to the practical tasks which confront active men every day of their lives!

   The development of modern logic has made it possible to give a new and sharper answer to the question of the validity and justification of metaphysics. The researchers of applied logic or the theory of knowledge, which aim at clarifying the cognitive content of scientific statements and thereby the meanings of the terms that occur in the statements, by means of logical analysis, lead to a positive and to a negative result. The positive result is worked out in the domain of empirical science; the various concepts of the various branches of science are clarified; their formal, logical and epistemological connections are made explicit.

   In the domain of metaphysics, including all philosophy of value and normative theory, logical analysis yields the negative result that the al leged statements in this domain are entirely meaningless. Therewith a radical elimination of metaphysics is attained, which was not yet possible from the earlier anti-metaphysical standpoints. (Carnap, 1959, p. 60)

the doctrine of the Trinity, Trinitarianism.

χάρις, ιτος, ἡ (Hom.+) acc. quite predom. χάριν, but χάριτα Ac 24:27; 25:9 v.l.; Jd 4 and pl. χάριτας Ac 24:27 v.l.; 1 Cl 23:1 (Eur., Hel. 1378; Hdt. 6, 41; X., Hell. 3, 5, 16; ins, pap; Zech 4:7; 6:14; EpArist 272, pl. 230.—B-D-F §47, 3; W-S. §9, 7; Mayser 271f; Thackeray 150; Helbing 40f; Mlt-H. 132.—It seems that χάρις is not always clearly differentiated in mng. fr. χαρά; Apollodorus [II B.C.]: 244 Fgm. 90 Jac. says in the second book περὶ θεῶν: κληθῆναι δὲ αὐτὰς ἀπὸ μὲν τ. χαρᾶς Χάριτας• καὶ γὰρ πολλάκις … οἱ ποιηταὶ τ. χάριν χαρὰν καλοῦσιν ‘the [deities] Charites are so called from χαρά [joy], for poets freq. equate χάρις with χαρά’. Cp. the wordplay AcPl Ha 8, 7 χαρᾶς καὶ χάριτος the house was filled with gaiety and gratitude.).

① a winning quality or attractiveness that invites a favorable reaction, graciousness, attractiveness, charm, winsomeness (Hom.+; Jos., Ant. 2, 231) of human form and appearance παῖς λίαν εὐειδής ἐν χάριτι an exceptionally fine-looking and winsome youth AcPl Ha 3, 13. Of speech (Demosth. 51, 9; Ps.-Demetr. [I A.D.], Eloc. §127; 133; 135 al.; Eccl 10:12; Sir 21:16; Jos., Ant. 18, 208) οἱ λόγοι τῆς χάριτος (gen. of quality) the gracious words Lk 4:22. ὁ λόγος ὑμῶν πάντοτε ἐν χάριτι let your conversation always be winsome Col 4:6 (cp. Plut., Mor. 514f; s. also HAlmqvist, Plut. u. das NT ’46, 121f; Epict. 3, 22, 90). τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ χάριτος ἐπληροῦτο MPol 12:1 can also be placed here in case χάρις means nothing more than graciousness (s. 4 below); prob. also GJs 7:3 (s. 3b).

② a beneficent disposition toward someone, favor, grace, gracious care/help, goodwill (almost a t.t. in the reciprocity-oriented world dominated by Hellenic influence [cp. e.g. OGI 669, 29] as well as by the Semitic sense of social obligation expressed in the term חֶסֶד [NGlueck, Das Wort ḥesed in alttestamentlichen Sprachgebrauche etc. 1927]. Of a different order and spirit is the subset of reciprocity known as Roman patronage, in which superiority of the donor over the client is clearly maintained)

ⓐ act., that which one grants to another, the action of one who volunteers to do someth. not otherwise obligatory χάρις θεοῦ ἦν ἐπʼ αὐτό Lk 2:40. ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ (cp. τῇ τοῦ θεοῦ Κλαυδίου χάριτι OGI 669, 29) Ac 11:2 D; 14:26. τοῦ κυρίου 15:40.—Esp. of the beneficent intention of God (cp. χ. in reference to God: Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1005 σοὶ θεόθεν χάρις ἔσσεται; Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 40 χ. τῶν θεῶν; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 320 D.; 53 p. 620; Sextus 436b; likew. in LXX, Philo, Joseph.; SibOr 4, 46=189; 5, 330; Ezk. Trag. 162 [Eus., PE 9, 29, 12].—χ. to denote beneficent dispensations of the emperor: OGI 669, 44 [I A.D.]; BGU 19 I, 21 [II A.D.] χάρ. τοῦ θεοῦ Αὐτοκράτορος; 1085 II, 4) and of Christ, who give (undeserved) gifts to people; God: δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι Ro 3:24. Cp. 5:15a, 20f; 6:1; 11:5 (ἐκλογή 1), 6abc; Gal 1:15 (διά A 3e); Eph 1:6f (KKuhn, NTS 7, ’61, 337 [reff. to Qumran lit.]); 2:5, 7, 8; cp. Pol 1:3; 2 Th 1:12; 2:16; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 2:11 (ἡ χάρ. τοῦ θεοῦ σωτήριος; s. Dibelius, Hdb. exc. after Tit 2:14); 3:7; Hb 2:9 (χωρίς 2aα); 4:16a (DdeSilva, JBL 115, ’96, 100–103); 1 Cl 50:3; ISm 9:2; IPol 7:3. ἐν χάρ[ιτι θεοῦ] AcPl Ha 7, 23 (restoration uncertain). κατὰ χάριν as a favor, out of goodwill (cp. Pla., Leg. 740c; schol. on Soph., Oed. Col. 1751 p. 468 Papag.) Ro 4:4 (opp. κατὰ ὀφείλημα), 16.—The beneficence or favor of Christ: διὰ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ πιστεύομεν σωθῆναι Ac 15:11. Cp. Ro 5:15b; 2 Cor 8:9; 1 Ti 1:14; IPhld 8:1. On Ac 2:47 in this sense s. TAnderson, NTS 34, ’88, 604–10.

ⓑ pass., that which one experiences fr. another (Arrian, Anab. Alex. 3, 26, 4) χάριν ἔχειν have favor 3J 4 v.l. πρός τινα with someone=win his respect Ac 2:47 (cp. 2a end; cp. Pind., O. 7, 89f χάριν καὶ ποτʼ ἀστῶν καὶ ποτὶ ξείνων grant him respect in the presence of his townfolk as well as strangers); παρά τινι (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 89 §376) Hm 10, 3, 1, cp. 5, 1, 5. εὑρεῖν χάριν παρά τινι (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 77, end) Lk 1:30; Hs 5, 2, 10; ἐνώπιόν τινος Ac 7:46; GJs 11:2 (JosAs 15:14). ἐν τοῖς μέλλουσι μετανοεῖν among those who are about to repent Hm 12, 3, 3. Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ καὶ ἀνθρώποις Lk 2:52 (an indication of exceptional ἀρετή, cp. Pind. above). Cp. Ac 4:33; 7:10 (ἐναντίον Φαραώ); Hb 4:16b.—ποία ὑμῖν χάρις ἐστίν; what credit is that to you? Lk 6:32–34; s. D 1:3; 2 Cl 13:4. Cp. 1 Cor 9:16 v.l. In these passages the mng. comes close to reward (s. Wetter [5 below] 209ff w. reff.).—Also by metonymy that which brings someone (God’s) favor or wins a favorable response fr. God 1 Pt 2:19, 20.

ⓒ In Christian epistolary lit. fr. the time of Paul χάρις is found w. the sense (divine) favor in fixed formulas at the beginning and end of letters (Zahn on Gal 1:3; vDobschütz on 1 Th 1:1; ELohmeyer, ZNW 26, 1927, 158ff; APujol, De Salutat. Apost. ‘Gratia vobis et pax’: Verb. Dom. 12, ’32, 38–40; 76–82; WFoerster, TW II ’34, 409ff; Goodsp., Probs. 141f. S. also the lit. s.v. χαίρω 2b). At the beginning of a letter χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη (sc. εἴη; New Docs 8, 127f) Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:2; Phlm 3; Rv 1:4; without ὑμῖν Tit 1:4. χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 Pt 1:2; 2 Pt 1:2; 1 Cl ins. χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; 2J 3 (on the triplet cp. En 5:7 φῶς καὶ χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη).—At the end ἡ χάρις (τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ etc.) μεθʼ ὑμῶν (or μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν etc.) Ro 16:20, 23 (24) v.l.; 1 Cor 16:23; 2 Cor 13:13; Gal 6:18; Eph 6:24; Phil 4:23; Col 4:18; 1 Th 5:28; 2 Th 3:18; 1 Ti 6:21; 2 Ti 4:22; Tit 3:15; Phlm 25; Hb 13:25; Rv 22:21; 1 Cl 65:2. ἔσται ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων τῶν φοβουμένων τὸν Κύριον GJs 25:2. ὁ κύριος τῆς δόξης καὶ πάσης χάριτος μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν B 21:9. χάρις ὑμῖν, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη, ὑπομονὴ διὰ παντός ISm 12:2. ἔρρωσθε ἐν χάριτι θεοῦ 13:2.

③ practical application of goodwill, (a sign of) favor, gracious deed/gift, benefaction

ⓐ on the part of humans (X., Symp. 8, 36, Ages. 4, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 49 §213; Dionys. Hal. 2, 15, 4) χάριν (-ιτα) καταθέσθαι τινί (κατατίθημι 2) Ac 24:27; 25:9. αἰτεῖσθαι χάριν 25:3 (in these passages from Ac χ. suggests [political] favor, someth. one does for another within a reciprocity system. Cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 108 §506 ἐς χάριν Σύλλα=as a favor to Sulla; ApcSed 8:1 οὐκ ἐποίησάς μοι χάριν=you did me no favor). ἵνα δευτέραν χάριν σχῆτε that you might have a second proof of my goodwill 2 Cor 1:15 (unless χάρις here means delight [so in poetry, Pind. et al., but also Pla., Isocr.; L-S-J-M s.v. χάρις IV; cp. also the quot. fr. Apollodorus at the beg. of the present entry, and the fact that χαρά is v.l. in 2 Cor 1:15]; in that case δευτέρα means double; but s. comm.). Of the collection for Jerusalem (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 42 §173 χάριτας λαμβάνειν=receive gifts) 1 Cor 16:3; 2 Cor 8:4, 6f, 19 (DdeSilva, JBL 115, ’96, 101). Cp. B 21:7.—Eph 4:29 may suggest a demonstration of human favor (cp. Plut., Mor. 514e χάριν παρασκευάζοντες ἀλλήλοις), but a ref. to the means by which divine grace is mediated is not to be ruled out (s. b below).

ⓑ on the part of God and Christ; the context will show whether the emphasis is upon the possession of divine favor as a source of blessings for the believer, or upon a store of favor that is dispensed, or a favored status (i.e. standing in God’s favor) that is brought about, or a gracious deed wrought by God in Christ, or a gracious work that grows fr. more to more (so in contrast to the old covenant Mel., P. 3, 16 al.). God is called ὁ θεὸς πάσης χάριτος 1 Pt 5:10, i.e. God, who is noted for any conceivable benefit or favor; cp. B 21:9.—χάριν διδόναι τινί show favor to someone (Anacr. 110 Diehl; Appian, Ital. 5 §10): τὸν δόντα αὐτῷ τὴν χάριν GJs 14:2. ταπεινοῖς δίδωσι χάριν (Pr 3:34) Js 4:6b; 1 Pt 5:5; 1 Cl 30:2; without a dat. Js 4:6a (Menand., Epitr. 231 S. [55 Kö.]). Perh. καὶ ἔβαλλε κύριος … χάριν ἐπʼ αὐτήν GJs 7:3 (but s. 1 above). The Logos is πλήρης χάριτος J 1:14. Those who belong to him receive of the fullness of his grace, χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος vs. 16 (ἀντί 2). Cp. vs. 17. τὴν χάριν ταύτην ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν this favor (of God) we now enjoy Ro 5:2 (Goodsp.).—5:17; 1 Cor 1:4; 2 Cor 4:15 (divine beneficence in conversion); cp. Ac 11:23; 6:1; Gal 1:6 (by Christ’s gracious deed); 2:21; 5:4; Col 1:6; 2 Ti 2:1; Hb 12:15; 13:9; 1 Pt 1:10, 13; 3:7 (συνκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς fellow-heirs of the gift that spells life; s. ζωή 2bα); 5:12; 2 Pt 3:18; Jd 4; IPhld 11:1; ISm 6:2. Christians stand ὑπὸ χάριν under God’s gracious will as expressed in their release from legal constraint Ro 6:14f, or they come ὑπὸ τὸν ζυγὸν τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 16:17 (ζυγός 1). The proclamation of salvation is the message of divine beneficence τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς χάριτος τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 20:24 or ὁ λόγος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) 14:3; 20:32. Even the gospel message can be called ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ 13:43; cp. 18:27; MPol 2:3. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος the Spirit from or through whom (God’s) favor is shown Hb 10:29 (AArgyle, Grace and the Covenant: ET 60, ’48/49, 26f).—Pl. benefits, favors (Diod S 3, 2, 4; 3, 73, 6; Sb 8139, 4 [ins of I B.C.] of Isis; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 190) 1 Cl 23:1.—Nelson Glueck, Das Wort ḥesed etc. 1927, but s. FAndersen, ‘Yahweh, the Kind and Sensitive God’: God Who is Rich in Mercy, ed. PO’Brien/DPeterson ’86.

④ exceptional effect produced by generosity, favor. Of effects produced by divine beneficence which go beyond those associated with a specific Christian’s status (ins μεγάλαι χάριτες τοῦ θεου: FCumont, Syria 7, 1926, 347ff), in the congregations of Macedonia 2 Cor 8:1 and Corinth 9:14; cp. vs. 8; in Rome AcPl Ha 7, 8. The Christian confessor is in full possession of divine grace ISm 11:1. Paul knows that through the χάρις of God he has been called to be an apostle, and that he has been fitted out w. the powers and capabilities requisite for this office fr. the same source: Ro 1:5; 12:3; 15:15; 1 Cor 3:10; 15:10ab (for the subject matter cp. Polyb. 12, 12b, 3 αὐτὸν [Alex. the Great] ὑπὸ τοῦ δαιμονίου τετευχέναι τούτων ὧν ἔτυχεν=whatever he has received he has received from what is divine. [For this reason he does not deserve any divine honors.]); 2 Cor 12:9; Gal 2:9; Eph 3:2, 7f; Phil 1:7.—The χάρις of God manifests itself in various χαρίσματα: Ro 12:6; Eph 4:7; 1 Pt 4:10. This brings into view a number of passages in which χάρις is evidently to be understood in a very concrete sense. It is hardly to be differentiated fr. δύναμις (θεοῦ) or fr. γνῶσις or δόξα (q.v. 1b. On this subj. s. Wetter [5 below] p. 94ff; esp. 130ff; pap in the GLumbroso Festschr. 1925, 212ff: χάρις, δύναμις, πνεῦμα w. essentially the same mng.; PGM 4, 2438; 3165; Herm. Wr. 1, 32; Just., D. 87, 5 ἀπὸ χάριτος τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ πνεύματος). οὐκ ἐν σοφίᾳ σαρκικῇ ἀλλʼ ἐν χάριτι θεοῦ 2 Cor 1:12. οὐκ ἐγὼ δὲ ἀλλὰ ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ σὺν ἐμοί 1 Cor 15:10c. αὐξάνετε ἐν χάριτι καὶ γνώσει τοῦ κυρίου 2 Pt 3:18; cp. 1 Cl 55:3; B 1:2 (τῆς δωρεᾶς πνευματικῆς χάρις). Stephen is said to be πλήρης χάριτος καὶ δυνάμεως Ac 6:8. Divine power fills the Christian confessor or martyr w. a radiant glow MPol 12:1 (but s. 1 above). As the typical quality of the age to come, contrasted w. the κόσμος D 10:6.

⑤ response to generosity or beneficence, thanks, gratitude (a fundamental component in the Gr-Rom. reciprocity system; exx. fr. later times: Diod S 11, 71, 4 [χάριτες=proofs of gratitude]; Appian, Syr. 3, 12; 13. Cp. Wetter [below] p. 206f) χάριν ἔχειν τινί be grateful to someone (Eur., Hec. 767; X., An. 2, 5, 14; Pla., Phlb. 54d; Ath. 2, 1; PLips 104, 14 [I B.C.] χάριν σοι ἔχω) foll. by ὅτι (Epict. 3, 5, 10; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 270; 2, 49) Lk 17:9 (ERiggenbach, NKZ 34, 1923, 439–43); mostly of gratitude to God or Christ; χάρις in our lit. as a whole, in the sense gratitude, refers to appropriate respone to the Deity for benefits conferred (Hom., Pind., Thu. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Jos., Ant. 7, 208) χάριν ἔχω τῷ θεῷ (POxy 113, 13 [II A.D.] χάριν ἔχω θεοῖς πᾶσιν.—Epict. 4, 7, 9) 2 Ti 1:3; foll. by ὅτι because 1 Ti 1:12 (Herm. Wr. 6, 4 κἀγὼ χάριν ἔχω τῷ θεῷ …, ὅτι; Jos., Ant. 4, 316); χάριν ἔχειν ἐπί τινι be grateful for someth. Phlm 7 v.l. (to humans). ἔχωμεν χάριν let us be thankful (to God) Hb 12:28 (the reason for it is given by the preceding ptc. παραλαμβάνοντες). Elliptically (B-D-F §128, 6; cp. Rob. 1201f) χάρις (ἔστω) τῷ θεῷ (X., Oec. 8, 16 πολλὴ χάρις τοῖς θεοῖς; Epict. 4, 4, 7 χάρις τῷ θεῳ; BGU 843, 6 [I/II A.D.] χάρις τοῖς θεοῖς al. in pap since III B.C..—Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 309) Ro 7:25; MPol 3:1. Foll. by ὅτι (X., An. 3, 3, 14 τοῖς θεοῖς χάρις ὅτι; PFay 124, 16 τοῖς θεοῖς ἐστιν χάρις ὅτι; Epict. 4, 5, 9) Ro 6:17. Foll. by ἐπί τινι for someth. (UPZ 108, 30 [99 B.C.]) 2 Cor 9:15. The reason for the thanks is given in the ptc. agreeing w. τῷ θεῷ 2:14; 8:16; 1 Cor 15:57 (cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 145; Philo, Somn. 2, 213). Thankfulness (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 15 §51 πρός τινα=toward someone) χάριτι in thankfulness 10:30. So prob. also ἐν τῇ χάριτι in a thankful spirit Col 3:16 (Dibelius, Hdb. ad loc.). πλησθῆναι χαρᾶς καὶ χάριτος AcPl Ha 8, 7. S. εὐχαριστέω, end. Also PSchubert, Form and Function of the Pauline Thanksgivings ’39.—OLoew, Χάρις, diss., Marburg 1908; GWetter, Charis 1913; AvHarnack, Sanftmut, Huld u. Demut in der alten Kirche: JKaftan Festschr. 1920, 113ff; NBonwetsch, Zur Geschichte des Begriffs Gnade in der alten Kirche: Harnack Festgabe 1921, 93–101; EBurton, Gal ICC 1921, 423f; WWhitley, The Doctrine of Grace ’32; JMoffatt, Grace in the NT ’31; RWinkler, D. Gnade im NT: ZST 10, ’33, 642–80; RHomann, D. Gnade in d. Syn. Ev.: ibid. 328–48; JWobbe, D. Charisgedanke b. Pls ’32; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 283–310 (Paul); HBoers, Ἀγάπη and Χάρις in Paul’s Thought: CBQ 59, ’97, 693–713; on 2 Cor 8: FDanker, Augsburg Comm. 2 Cor, 116–34; PRousselot, La Grâce d’après St. Jean et d’après St. Paul: SR 18, 1928, 87–108, Christent. u. Wissensch. 8, ’32, 402–30; JMontgomery, Hebrew Hesed and Gk. Charis: HTR 32, ’39, 97–102; Dodd 61f; TTorrance, The Doctrine of Grace in the Apost. Fathers, ’48; JRenié, Studia Anselmiana 27f, ’51, 340–50; CRSmith, The Bible Doctrine of Grace, ’56; EFlack, The Concept of Grace in Bibl. Thought: Bibl. Studies in Memory of HAlleman, ed. Myers, ’60, 137–54; DDoughty, NTS 19, ’73, 163–80.—B. 1166. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

   1) The Mind Is Entirely Distinct from Body

   From this I knew that I was a substance the whole essence or nature of which is to think, and that for its existence there is no need of any place, nor does it depend on any material thing; so that this "me," that is to say, the soul by which I am what I am, is entirely distinct from body, and is even more easy to know than is the latter; and even if body were not, the soul would not cease to be what it is. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 101)

   2) Critique of the Cartesian View

    still remains to be explained how that union and apparent intermingling [of mind and body]... can be found in you, if you are incorporeal, unextended and indivisible.... How, at least, can you be united with the brain, or some minute part in it, which (as has been said) must yet have some magnitude or extension, however small it be? If you are wholly without parts how can you mix or appear to mix with its minute subdivisions? For there is no mixture unless each of the things to be mixed has parts that can mix with one another. (Gassendi, 1970, p. 201)

   3) The Union That Exists between the Body and the Mind

   here are... certain things which we experience in ourselves and which should be attributed neither to the mind nor body alone, but to the close and intimate union that exists between the body and the mind.... Such are the appetites of hunger, thirst, etc., and also the emotions or passions of the mind which do not subsist in mind or thought alone... and finally all the sensations. (Descartes, 1970b, p. 238)

   4) Psychology Is Not the Study of Disembodied Minds

   With any other sort of mind, absolute Intelligence, Mind unattached to a particular body, or Mind not subject to the course of time, the psychologist as such has nothing to do. (James, 1890, p. 183)

   5) Each Mental Event Can Be Reduced to a Neural Event

   [The] intention is to furnish a psychology that shall be a natural science: that is to represent psychical processes as quantitatively determinate states of specifiable material particles, thus making these processes perspicuous and free from contradiction. (Freud, 1966, p. 295)

   6) The Thesis Is That the Mental Is Nomologically Irreducible

   The thesis is that the mental is nomologically irreducible: there may be true general statements relating the mental and the physical, statements that have the logical form of a law; but they are not lawlike (in a strong sense to be described). If by absurdly remote chance we were to stumble on a non-stochastic true psychophysical generalization, we would have no reason to believe it more than roughly true. (Davidson, 1970, p. 90)

   7) The Doctrine That Men Are Machines

   We can divide those who uphold the doctrine that men are machines, or a similar doctrine, into two categories: those who deny the existence of mental events, or personal experiences, or of consciousness;... and those who admit the existence of mental events, but assert that they are "epiphenomena"-that everything can be explained without them, since the material world is causally closed. (Popper & Eccles, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Brain- Mind Interaction

   Mind affects brain and brain affects mind. That is the message, and by accepting it you commit yourself to a special view of the world. It is a view that shows the limits of the genetic imperative on what we turn out to be, both intellectually and emotionally. It decrees that, while the secrets of our genes express themselves with force throughout our lives, the effect of that information on our bodies can be influenced by our psychological history and beliefs about the world. And, just as important, the other side of the same coin argues that what we construct in our minds as objective reality may simply be our interpretations of certain bodily states dictated by our genes and expressed through our physical brains and body. Put differently, various attributes of mind that seem to have a purely psychological origin are frequently a product of the brain's interpreter rationalizing genetically driven body states. Make no mistake about it: this two-sided view of mind-brain interactions, if adopted, has implications for the management of one's personal life. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 229)

अभिहित p. p.

1 (a) Said, declared, spoken, mentioned; मयाभिहितम्, तेनाभिहितम् &c. (b) Predicated, asserted; अनभिहिते कर्मणि द्वितीया P.II.3.1-2. (c) Spoken to, addressed, called, named. (d) Whispered, promoted to say; determined.

-2 Fastened, placed upon.

-तम् A name, expression, word; हरन्ति स्मरतश्चित्तं गोविन्दाभिहितानि च Bhāg.1.15.27. ˚त्वम् being said or spoken to, a declaration; authority, test.

-Comp. -अन्वयवादः, -वादिन् m. a particular doctrine (or the follower of that doctrine) on the import of words, as opposed to अन्विताभिधानवाद, -वादिन्. The anvitābhidhāna- vādins (the Mīmāṁsakas, the followers of Prabhākara) hold that words only express a meaning (अभिधान) as parts of a sentence and grammatically connected with one another (अन्वित); that they, in fact, only imply an action or something connected with an action; e. g. घटम् in घटम् आनय means not merely 'jar', but 'jar' as connected with the action of 'bringing' expressed by the verb. The abhihitānvayavādins (the Bhāṭṭas or the followers of Kumārilabhaṭṭa who hold the doctrine) on the other hand hold that words by themselves can express their own independent meanings which are afterwards combined into a sentence expressing one connected idea; that, in other words, it is the logical connection between the words of a sentence, and not the sense of the words themselves, that suggests the import or purport of that sentence; they thus believe in a tātparyārtha as distinguished from vāchyārtha; see K. P.2 and Maheśvara's commentary ad hoc. ˚तिः f. Naming, speaking &c.

   Corporativism or corporatism, a social and economic doctrine or ideology, has been influential on several occasions in the 20th century. Based on Catholic social doctrines, corporativism began to enjoy a certain vogue among conservative parties in the First Republic. The Estado Novo adopted the doctrine as one of its main ideologies and strategies after 1930, although it took decades for the corporative system to be instituted in any comprehensive way. Antônio de Oliveira Salazar and his ruling group advocated the corporative system in the 1933 Constitution and the National Labor

   Statute of September 1933, but it was not until after a 1956 law that the system was put into operation.

   The Estado Novo's intention was to have greater control over the economy than the weak First Republic had managed by means of eliminating social conflict as well as the inevitable struggle between labor and management. New state doctrine declared that the regime under a corporative system would be "neither bourgeois nor proletarian." The idea was that corporativism in Portugal would be largely self-regulating and would promote social peace and prosperity. In fact, the corporative system became simply another part of the large state bureaucracy in the 1950s, l960s, and 1970s. Under this system, management was organized in guilds ( grêmios) and labor in official unions ( sindicatos). The state also organized special employer-employee institutes for rural workers ( Casas do Povo or "Houses of the People") and for fishermen ( Casas dos Pescadores or "Houses of Fishermen").

   An elaborate bureaucratic structure administered this cumbersome system. A Chamber of Corporations, representing all professions and occupations, was the upper chamber of the national legislature in Lisbon. One major aim or strategy of the system was to prevent labor strikes or lockouts, but after 1942's widespread strikes and later labor unrest it was clear that opposition labor groups, some organized by the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), had engineered their own labor union system parallel to the corporative system. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the first provisional government abolished the Estado Novo's corporative system.

द्वैतम् [द्विधा इतं द्वितं तस्य भावः स्वार्थे अण्]

1 Duality.

-2 Dualism in philosophy, the assertion of two distinct principles, such as the maintenance of the doctrine that, spirit and matter, Brahman and the Universe, or the Individual and the Supreme Soul, are different from each other; cf. अद्वैत; किं शास्त्रं श्रवणेन यस्य गलति द्वैतान्ध- कारोत्करः Bv.1.86.

-3 N. of a forest.

-Comp. -अद्वैतमार्गः the path of dualism and non-dualism.

-वनम् N. of a forest; भीमं प्रशस्याथ गुणैरनेकैर्हृष्टास्ततो द्वैतवनाय जग्मुः Mb.3. 11.68. Ki.1.1.

-वादः the doctrine of dualism; see above.

-वादिन् m. a philosopher who maintains the dvaita doctrine.

निर् ind. A substitute for निस् before vowels and soft consonants conveying the senses of 'out of', 'away from'. 'without', 'free from', and be frequently expressed by 'less', 'un', used with the noun; see the compounds given below; see निस् and cf. अ also.

-Comp. -अंश a.

1 whole, entire.

-2 not entitled to any share of the ancestral property.

-अक्षः the place of no latitute; i. e. the terrestrial equator (in astronomy). ˚देशः

1 a first meridian, as Laṅkā.

-2 a place where the sun is always vertical and the days and nights are equal.

-3 the equatorial region.

-अक्षर a. Not knowing the letters, illiterate.

-अग्नि a. having lost or neg- lected the consecrated fire; स संन्यासी च योगी च न निरग्निर्न चाक्रियः Bg.6.1.

-अग्र (क) a. divisible without remain- der.

-अङ्कुश a. 'not curbed by a hook', unchecked, uncontrolled; unruly, independent, completely free, unfettered; निरङ्कुश इव द्विपः Bhāg.; कामो निकामनिरङ्कुशः Gīt.7; निरङ्कुशाः कवयः Sk.; Bh.3.15; Mv.3.39; विनयरुचयः सदैव निरङ्कुशाः Mu.3.6. ˚ता self-will, indepen- dence.

-अघ a. sinless, blameless.

-अङ्ग a.

1 having no parts.

-2 deprived of expedients or resources.

-अजिन a. skinless.

-अञ्जन a.

1 without collyrium; निरञ्जने साचिविलोलिकं दृशौ Ki.8.52.

-2 unstained, untinged.

-3 free from falsehood; तदा विद्वान् पुण्यपापे विधूय निरञ्जनं परमं साम्यमुपैति Munda 3.1.3.

-4 simple, artless.

(-नः) 1 an epithet of Śiva.

-2 N. of the Supreme Being.

(-ना) 1 the day of full moon.

-2 an epithet of Durgā.

-अतिशय a. unsurpassed, matchless, un- rivalled; निरतिशयं गरिमाणं तेन जनन्याः स्मरन्ति विद्वांसः Pt.1.3. (

-यः) the Supreme Being.

-अत्यय a.

1 free from danger, secure, safe; तद्भवान् वृत्तसंपन्नः स्थितः पथि निरत्यये Rām.4.29.12; R.17.53.

-2 free from fault, unblamable, faultless, disinterested; Ki.1.12, शक्तिरर्थपतिषु स्वयंग्रहं प्रेम कारयति वा निरत्ययम् 13.61.

-3 com- pletely successful.

-अधिष्ठान a.

1 supportless.

-2 in- dependent.

-अध्व a. one who has lost one's way.

-अनुक्रोश a. pitiless, merciless, hard-hearted. (

-शः) mercilessness, hard-heartedness.

-अनुग a. having no followers.

-अनुग्रह a. Ungracious, unkind; Bhāg.5. 12.7.

-अनुनासिक a. not nasal.

-अनुमान a. not bound to conclusions or consequences.

-अनुयोज्य a. unblamable, faultless.

-अनुरोध a.

1 unfavourable, unfriendly.

-2 unkind, unamiable; Māl.1.

-अन्तर a.

-1 constant, perpetual, uninterrupted, incessant; निरन्त- राधिपटलैः Bv.1.16; निरन्तरास्वन्तरवातवृष्टिषु Ku.5.25.

-2 having no intervening or intermediate space, having no interval, close, closely contiguous, in close contact; मूढे निरन्तरपयोधरया मयैव Mk.5.15; हृदयं निरन्तरबृहत्कठिनस्तन- मण्डलावरणमप्यभिदन् Śi.9.66.

-3 compact, dense; परितो रुद्धनिरन्तराम्बराः Śi.16.76.

-4 coarse, gross.

-5 faithful, true (as a friend).

-6 not hidden from view.

-7 not different, similar, identical.

-8 sincere, sympathetic; सुहृदि निरन्तरचित्ते (निवेद्य दुःखं सुखीभवति) Pt.1.341.

-9 abounding in, full of; निपात्यमानैर्ददृशे निरन्तरम् Rām.7.7. 54; गुणैश्च निरन्तराणि Mv.4.12. (

-रम्) ind.

1 without interruption, constantly, continually, incessantly.

-2 without intervening space or interval.

-3 closely, tightly, firmly; (परिष्वजस्व) कान्तैरिदं मम निरन्तरमङ्गमङ्गैः Ve.3.27; परिष्वजेते शयने निरन्तरम् Ṛs.2.11.

-4 immedia- tely. ˚अभ्यासः constant study, diligent exercise or pra- ctice.

-अन्तराल a.

1 without an intervening space, close.

-2 narrow.

-अन्धस् a. foodless, hungry.

-अन्वय a.

1 having no progeny, childless.

-2 unconnected, unrelated; Ms.8.198.

-3 not agreeing with the con- text (as a word in a sentence).

-4 without logical connection or regular sequence, unmethodical.

-5 without being seen, out of sight; निरन्वयं भवेत् स्तेयम् Ms.8. 332.

-6 without retinue, unaccompanied, see अन्वय.

-7 sudden, unexpected; U.7.

-8 exterminatory, without leaving any species or trace; प्रागाधारनिरन्वयप्रमथनादुच्छेदमे- वाकरोः... Mv.3.13; (com. नाशो द्विविधः--स्वान्वयविनाशः, निरन्वयविनाशश्चेति......निर्वापणादिना सजातीयज्वालोदयानर्हविनाशस्तु निरन्वयविनाशः ।).

-अपत्रप a.

1 shameless, impudent.

-2 bold.

-अपराध a. guiltless, innocent, faultless, blame- less. (

-धः) innocence.

-अपवर्त a.

1 not turning back.

-2 (in arith.) leaving no common divisor, reduced to the lowest terms.

-अपवाद a.

1 blameless.

-2 not admitting of any exception.

-अपाय a.

1 free from harm or evil.

-2 free from decay, imperishable.

-3 infallible; उपायो निरपायो$यमस्माभिरभिचिन्तितः Rām.1.1.2.

-अपेक्ष a.

1 not depending on, irrespective or independent of, having no need of (with loc.); न्यायनिर्णीतसारत्वा- न्निरपेक्षमिवागमे Ki.11.39.

-2 disregarding, taking no notice of.

-3 free from desire, secure; निरपेक्षो न कर्तव्यो भृत्यैः स्वामी कदाचन H.2.82.

-4 careless, negligent, indifferent

-5 indifferent to worldly attachments or pursuits; समुपोढेषु कामेषु निरपेक्षः परिव्रजेत् Ms.6.41.

-6 disinterested, not expecting any reward from another; दिशि दिशि निरपेक्ष- स्तावकीनं विवृण्वन् Bv.1.5.

-7 without purpose. (

-क्षा) indifference, disregard.

-अपेक्षित a.

1 disregarded.

-2 regardless.

-अपेक्षिन् a. disregarding, indifferent.

-अभिभव a.

1 not subject to humiliation or disgrace.

-2 not to be surpassed, unrivalled.

-अभिमान a.

1 free from self-conceit, devoid of pride or egotism.

-2 void of self-respect.

-3 unconscious.

-अभिलाष a. not caring for, indifferent to; स्वसुखनिरभिलाषः खिद्यसे लोकहेतोः Ś.5.7.

-अभिसंधानम् absence of design.

-अभ्र a. cloudless.

-अमर्ष a.

1 void of anger, patient.

-2 apa- thetic.

-अम्बर a. naked.

-अम्बु a.

1 abstaining from water.

-2 waterless, destitute of water.

-अर्गल a. without a bolt, unbarred, unobstructed, unrestrained, unimpeded, completely free; M.5; मरणसमये त्यक्त्वा शङ्कां प्रलापनिरर्गलम् Māl.5.26. (

-लम्) ind. freely.

-अर्थ a.

1 void of wealth, poor, indigent; स्त्रियः कृतार्थाः पुरुषं निरर्थं निष्पीडितालक्तकवत्त्यजन्ति Pt.1.194.

-2 meaningless, un- meaning (as a word or sentence).

-3 non-sensical.

-4 vain, useless, purposeless.

(-र्थः) 1 loss, detriment.

-2 nonsense.

-अर्थक a.

1 useless, vain, unprofitable.

-2 unmeaning, nonsensical, conveying no reasonable meaning; इत्थं जन्म निरर्थकं क्षितितले$रण्ये यथा मालती S. D.

-3 (a consonant) not followed by a vowel. (

-कम्) an expletive; निरर्थकं तु हीत्यादि पूरणैकप्रयोजनम् Chandr.2.6.

-अलंकृतिः (in Rhet.) want of ornament, simplicity.

-अवकाश a.

1 without free space.

-2 without leisure.

-अवग्रह a.

1 'free from restraint', unrestrained, un- checked, uncontrolled, irresistible.

-2 free, indepen- dent.

-3 self-willed, head-strong. (

-हम्) ind.

1 un- interruptedly.

-2 intensely, strongly.

-अवद्य a.

1 blameless, faultless, unblameable, unobjectionable; हृद्य- निरवद्यरूपो भूपो बभूव Dk.1.

-2 an epithet of the Supreme Being (having no passions).

-अवधि a. having no end, unlimited; कथं तूष्णीं सह्यो निरवधिरयं त्वप्रतिविधः U. 3.44;6.3; Māl.1.6.

-2 continuous; महानाधिव्याधि- र्निरवधिरिदानीं प्रसरतु Māl.4.3.

- अवयव a.

1 without parts.

-2 indivisible.

-3 without limbs.

-अवलम्ब a.

1 unsupported, without support; Ś.6.

-2 not affording support.

-3 not depending or relying on.

-अवशेष a. whole, complete, entire, (निरवशेषेण ind. completely, entirely, fully, totally).

-अवसाद a. cheerful; Gīt.

-अव्यय a. eternal, immutable.

- अशन a. abstaining from food. (

-नम्) fasting.

-अश्रि a. even; Kau. A.2.11.

-अष्ट a. Ved. driven away, scattered. (

-ष्टः) a horse twentyfour years old.

-अस्त्र a. weaponless, unarmed.

-अस्थि a. boneless.

-अहंकार, -अहंकृति a. free from egotism or pride, humble, lowly; Bg.12.13.

-अहंकृत a.

1 having no egotism or self-consciousness.

-2 without individuality.

-3 unselfish.

-अहम् a. free from egotism or self-conceit; ह्यनामरूपं निरहं प्रपद्ये Bhāg. 5.19.4.

-आकाङ्क्ष a.

1 wishing nothing, free from desire.

-2 wanting nothing to fill up or complete (as the sense of a word or sentence).

-आकार a.

1 devoid of form, formless, without form.

-2 ugly, deformed.

-3 disguised.

-4 unassuming, modest.

(-रः) 1 the universal spirit, Almighty.

-2 an epithet of Śiva.

-3 of Viṣṇu. ˚ज्ञानवादः the doctrine that the perception of the outer world does not arise from images impres- sed on the mind; Sarva. S.

-आकृति a.

1 formless, shapeless.

-2 deformed.

(-तिः) 1 a religious student who has not duly gone through a course of study, or who has not properly read the Vedas.

-2 especially, a Brāhmaṇa who has neglected the duties of his caste by not going through a regular course of study; a fool; ग्रामधान्यं यथा शून्यं यथा कूपश्च निर्जलः । यथा हुतमनग्नौ च तथैव स्यान्निराकृतौ ॥ Mb.12.36.48.

-3 one who neglects the five great religious duties or yajñas; Ms.3.154.

-आकाश a. leaving no free space, completely filled or occupied,

-आकुल a.

1 unconfused, unperplexed, un- bewildered; Ki.11.38.

-2 steady, calm; सुपात्रनिक्षेपनिरा- कुलात्मना (प्रजासृजा) Śi.1.28.

-3 clear.

-4 perspicuous; अलिकुलसङ्कुलकुसुमसमूहनिराकुलबकुलकलापे Gīt.1.

(-लम्) 1 calmness serenity.

-2 perspicuity, clearness.

-आक्रन्द a. not crying or complaining. (

-दः) a place where no sound can be heard.

-आक्रोश a. unaccused, unreviled.

- आगम a. not founded on revelation or scripture, not derived from the Vedas.

-आगस् a. faultless, innocent, sinless; कथमेकपदे निरागसं जनमाभाष्यमिमं न मन्यसे R.8.48.

-आचार a. without approved customs or usages, lawless, barbarian.

-आडम्बर a.

1 without drums.

-2 without show, unostentatious.

-आतङ्क a.

1 free from fear; R.1.63; निरातङ्को रङ्को विहरति चिरं कोटिकनकैः Śaṅkara (देव्यपराधक्षमापनस्तोत्रम् 6).

-2 without ailment, comfort- able, healthy.

-3 not causing pain.

-4 unchecked, unhampered; निरातङ्कः पङ्केष्विव पिशितपिण्डेषु विलसन् Māl. 5.34. (

-कः) an epithet of Śiva.

- आतप a. sheltered from heat, shady, not penetrated by the sun's rays. (

-पा) the night.

- आदर a. disrespectful.

-आदान a.

1 taking or receiving nothing; Mb.3.

-2 an epithet of Buddha.

-आधार a.

1 without a receptacle.

-2 without support, supportless (fig. also); निराधारो हा रोदिमि कथय केषामिह पुरः G. L.4.39.

-आधि a. secure, free from anxiety.

-आनन्द a. cheerless, sad, sorrowful.

-आन्त्र a.

1 disembowelled.

-2 having the entrails hanging out.

-आपद् a. free from misfortune or calamity. (-f.) prosperity.

-आबाध a.

1 unvexed, unmolested, undis- turbed, free from disturbance.

-2 unobstructed.

-3 not molesting or disturbing.

-4 (in law) frivolously vexatious (as a suit or cause of complaint); e. g. अस्मद्- गृहप्रदीपप्रकाशेनायं स्वगृहे व्यवहरति Mitā.

- आमय a.

1 free from disease or illness, sound, healthy, hale.

-2 untainted, pure.

-3 guileless.

-4 free from defects or blemishes.

-5 full, complete.

-6 infallible.

-7 not liable to failure or miscarriage. (

-यः, यम्) freedom from disease or illness, health, well-being, welfare, happiness; कुरूणां पाण्डवानां च प्रतिपत्स्व निरामयम् Mb.5.78.8.

(-यः) 1 a wild goat.

-2 a hog or boar.

-आमिष a.

1 fleshless; निरुपमरसप्रीत्या खादन्नरास्थि निरामिषम् Bh.

-2 having no sensual desires or covetousness; Ms.6.49.

-3 receiving no wages or remuneration.

-आय a. yielding no income or revenue, profitless.

-यः an idler living from hand to mouth.

- आयत a.

1 full-stretched or extended; निरायतपूर्वकायाः Ś.1.8.

-2 contracted, compact.

-आय- -तत्वम् shortness, compactness; निरायतत्वादुदरेण ताम्यता Ki.8.17.

-आयति a. one whose end is at hand; नियता लघुता निरायतेः Ki.2.14.

-आयास a. not fatiguing, easy.

-आयुध a. unarmed, weaponless.

-आरम्भ a. abstaining from all work (in good sense); Mb.3.82.11.

-आलम्ब a.

1 having no prop or support (fig. also); ऊर्ध्वबाहुं निरालम्बं तं राजा प्रत्यभाषत Rām.7.89.1; निरालम्बो लोकः कुलमयशसा नः परिवृतम् Mv.4.53.

-2 not depending on another, independent.

-3 self-supported, friendless, alone; निरालम्बो लम्बोदरजननि कं यामि शरणम् Jag. (

-म्बा) spikenard. (

-म्बम्) Brahman.

-आलोक a.

1 not looking about or seeing.

-2 deprived of sight.

-3 deprived of light, dark; निरालोकं लोकम् Māl.5.3; Bhāg.8.24.35.

-5 invisible. (

-कः) an epithet of Śiva.

-आवर्ण a. manifest, evident.

-आश a.

1 devoid of hope, despairing or despondent of; मनो बभूवेन्दुमतीनिराशम् R.6.2.

-2 depriving (one) of all hope.

-आशक, -आशिन् a. hopeless; अद्य दुर्योधनो राज्याज्जीविताच्च निराशकः (भविष्यति) Mb.8.74.13.

-आशङ्क a. fearless.

-आशा hopeless- ness, despair.

-आशिस् a.

1 without a boon or blessing, without virtues; आश्रमा विहिताः सर्वे वर्जयित्वा निराशिषम् Mb.12.63.13.

-2 without any desire, wish or hope, indifferent; निराशीर्यतचित्तात्मा Bg.4.21; जगच्छ- रण्यस्य निराशिषः सतः Ku.5.76.

-आश्रय a.

1 without a prop or support, supportless, unsupported; न तिष्ठति निराश्रयं लिङ्गम् Sāṅ. K.41.

-2 friendless, destitute, alone, without shelter or refuge; निराश्रयाधुना वत्सलता.

-3 not deep (as a wound).

-आस्वाद a. tasteless, insipid, un- savoury.

-आहार a. 'foodless', fasting, abstaining from food. (

-रः) fasting; कालो$ग्निः कर्म मृद् वायुर्मनो ज्ञानं तपो जलम् । पश्चात्तापो निराहारः सर्वे$मी शुद्धिहेतवः ॥ Y.3.31.

-इङ्ग a. immovable, stationary; यथा दीपो निवातस्थो निरिङ्गो ज्वलते पुनः Mb.12.46.6.

-इच्छ a. without wish or desire, indifferent.

-इन्द्रिय a.

1 having lost a limb or the use of it.

-2 mutilated, maimed.

-3 weak, infirm, frail; Kaṭh.1.1.3.

-4 barren.

-5 without प्रमाण or means of certain knowledge; निरिन्द्रिया ह्यमन्त्राश्च स्त्रियो$नृत- मिति स्थितिः Ms.9.18.

-6 destitute of manly vigour, impotent (Ved.).

-इन्धन a. destitute of fuel.

-ईति a. free from the calamities of the season; निरातङ्का निरीतयः R.1.63; see ईति.

-ईश्वर a. godless, atheistic. -˚वाद atheistic doctrine.

-ईषम् the body of a plough.

-ईह a.

1 desireless, indifferent; निरीहाणामीशस्तृणमिव तिरस्कारविषयः Mu.3.16.

-2 inactive; निरीहस्य हतद्विषः R.1.24.

(-हा), -निरीहता, -त्वम् 1 inactivity.

-2 indifference.

-उच्छ्वास a.

1 breathless, without breathing; निरुच्छ्वासं हरिं चक्रुः Rām.7.7.6.

-2 narrow, contracted; उपेयुषो वर्त्म निरन्तराभिरसौ निरुच्छ्वासमनीकिनीभिः Śi.3.32.

-3 dead; निरुच्छ्वासाः पुनः केचित् पतिता जगतीतले Rām.6.58.13. (

-सः) absence of breath; लोका निरुच्छ्वासनिपीडिता भृशम् Bhāg.4. 8.8.

-उत्तर a.

1 answerless, without a reply.

-2 un- able to answer, silenced.

-3 having no superior.

-उत्थ a. irrecoverable.

-उद्धति a. not jolting (a chariot); अभूतल- स्पर्शतया निरुद्धतिः Ś.7.1. (v. l.)

-उत्सव a. without festivi- ties; विरतं गेयमृतुर्निरुत्सवः R.8.66.

-उत्साह a.

1 inactive, indolent.

-2 devoid of energy.

(-हः) 1 absence of energy.

-2 indolence.

-उत्सुक a.

1 indifferent.

-2 calm, tranquil.

- उदक a. waterless.

- उदर a.

1 having no belly or trunk.

-2 thin (अतुन्दिल); श्रीमान्निरुदरो महान् Rām.3.16.31.

-उद्यम, -उद्योग a. effortless, inactive, lazy, idle.

उद्विग्न, -उद्वेग a. free from excitement or perturbation, sedate, calm.

-उपक्रम a.

1 without a commencement.

-2 incurable.

-उपद्रव a.

1 free from calamity or affliction, not visited by danger or adver- sity, lucky, happy, undisturbed, unmolested, free from hostile attacks.

-2 free from national distress or tyranny.

-3 causing no affliction.

-4 auspicious (as a star).

-5 secure, peaceful.

-उपधि a. guileless, honest; U.2.2. ˚जीवन a. leading an honest life. (v. l.).

-उपपत्ति a. unsuitable.

- उपपद a.

1 without any title or designation; अरे आर्यचारुदत्तं निरुपपदेन नाम्नालपसि Mk.1.18/19.

-2 unconnected with a subordinate word.

-उपप्लव a.

1 free from disturbance, obstacle or calamity, unharmed; निरुपप्लवानि नः कर्माणि संवृत्तानि Ś3.

-2 not causing any affliction or misery.

-3 an epithet of Śiva.

-उपभोग a. without enjoyment; संसरति निरुपभोगं भावैरधिवासितं लिङ्गम् Sāṅ. K.4.

- उपम a. peerless, matchless, incomparable.

-उपसर्ग free from portents.

-उपस्कृत a. not corrupted, pure; of self-denying temperament; शमेन तपसा चैव भक्त्या च निरुपस्कृतः । शुद्धात्मा ब्राह्मणो रात्रौ निदर्शनमपश्यत ॥ Mb.12.271.14.

- उपहत a.

1 not injured, unhurt.

-2 auspicious, lucky.

-उपाख्य a.

1 unreal, false, non-existent (as वन्ध्यापुत्र).

-2 immaterial.

-3 invisible. (

-ख्यम्) the supreme Brahman.

-उपाधि (क) a. without qualities, absolute.

-उपाय a.

1 without expedients, helpless.

-2 unsuc- cessful.

-उपेक्ष a.

1 free from trick or fraud.

-2 not neglectful.

-उष्मन् a. devoid of heat, cold.

-गन्ध a. void of smell, scentless, unfragrant, inodorous; निर्गन्धा इव किंशुकाः. ˚पुष्पी f. the Śālmali tree.

-गर्व a. free from pride.

-गवाक्ष a. windowless.

-गुण a.

1 stringless (as a bow).

-2 devoid of all properties.

-3 devoid of good qualities, bad, worthless; निर्गुणः शोभते नैव विपुलाड- म्बरो$पि ना Bv.1.115.

-4 without attributes; साकारं च निराकारं सगुणं निर्गुणं विभुम् Brahmavai. P.

-5 having no epithet. (

-णः) the Supreme Spirit. ˚आत्मक a. having no qualities.

-गृहः a. houseless, homeless; सुगृही निर्गृही- कृता Pt.39.

-गौरव a.

1 without dignity, undignified.

-2 devoid of respect.

-ग्रन्थ a.

1 freed from all ties or hindrances; आत्मारामाश्च मुनयो निर्ग्रन्था अप्युरुक्रमे । कुर्वन्त्यहैतुकीं भक्तिम् Bhāg.1.7.1.

-2 poor, possessionless, beggarly.

-3 alone, unassisted.

(-न्थः) 1 an idiot, a fool.

-2 a gambler.

-3 a saint or devotee who has renounced all worldly attachments and wanders about naked and lives as a hermit.

-4 A Buddha Muni.

-ग्रन्थक a.

1 clever, expert.

-2 unaccompanied, alone.

-3 deserted, abandoned.

-4 fruitless. (

-कः 1 a religious mendicant.

-2 a naked devotee.

-3 a gam- bler.

-ग्रन्थिक a. clever. (

-कः) a naked mendicant, a Jaina mendicant of the Digambara class.

-घटम् 1 a free market.

-2 a crowded market.

-घण्टः See निघण्टः.

-घृण a.

1 cruel, merciless, pitiless.

-2 shame- less, immodest.

-घृणा cruelty.

-घोष a. noiseless, still, calm.

-जन a.

1 tenantless, uninhabited, unfrequented, lonely, desolate.

-2 without any retinue or attendants; भूयश्चैवाभिरक्षन्तु निर्धनान्निर्जना इव Mb.12.151.7. (

-नम्) a desert, solitude, lonely place.

-जन्तु a. free from living germs; H. Yoga.

-जर a.

1 young, fresh.

-2 imperishable, immortal. (

-रः) a deity, god; (nom. pl. निर्जराः -निर्जरसः) (

-रम्) ambrosia, nectar.

-जरायु a. Ved. skinless.

-जल a.

1 waterless, desert, destitute of water.

-2 not mixed with water. (

-लः) a waste, desert. ˚एकादशी N. of the eleventh day in the bright half of Jyeṣṭha.

-जाड्य free from coldness.

-जिह्वः a frog.

-जीव a.

1 lifeless.

-2 dead; चिता दहति निर्जीवं चिन्ता दहति जीवितम्.

-ज्ञाति a. having no kinsmen, alone.

-ज्वर a. feverless, healthy.

-दण्डः a Śūdra.

-दय a.

1 merci- less, cruel, pitiless, unmerciful, unkind.

-2 passion- ate.

-3 very close, firm or fast, strong, excessive, violent; मुग्धे विधेहि मयि निर्दयदन्तदंशम् Gīt.1; निर्दयरति- श्रमालसाः R.19.32; निर्दयाश्लेषहेतोः Me.18.

-4 unpitied by any; निर्दया निर्नमस्कारास्तन्मनोरनुशासनम् Ms.9.239.

-दयम् ind.

1 unmercifully, cruelly.

-2 violently, excessively; न प्रहर्तुमलमस्मि निर्दयम् R.11.84.

-दश a. more than ten days old; यदा पशुर्निर्दशः स्यादथ मेध्यो भवे- दिति Bhāg.9.7.11.

- दशन a. toothless.

-दाक्षिण्य a. uncourteous.

-दुःख a.

1 free from pain, painless.

-2 not causing pain.

-दैन्य a. happy, comfortable.

-दोष a.

1 faultless, defectless; न निर्दोषं न निर्गुणम्

-2 guiltless, innocent.

-द्रव्य a.

1 immaterial.

-2 without property, poor.

-द्रोह a. not hostile, friendly, well-disposed, not malicious.

-द्वन्द्व a.

1 indifferent in regard to opposite pairs of feelings (pleasure or pain), neither glad nor sorry; निर्द्वन्द्वो निर्ममो भूत्वा चरिष्यामि मृगैः सह Mb.1.85.16; निर्द्वन्द्वो नित्यसत्त्वस्थो निर्योगक्षेम आत्मवान् Bg.2.45.

-2 not dependent upon another, independent.

-3 free from jealousy or envy.

-4 not double.

-5 not contested, un- disputed.

-6 not acknowledging two principles.

-धन a. without property, poor, indigent; शशिनस्तुल्यवंशो$पि निर्धनः परिभूयते Chāṇ.82. (

-नः) an old ox. ˚ता, ˚त्वम् poverty, indigence.

-धर्म a. unrighteous, impious, unholy.

-धूम a. smokeless.

-धौत a. cleansed, rendered clean; निर्धौत- दानामलगण्डभित्तिर्वन्यः सरित्तो गज उन्ममज्ज R.5.43.

-नमस्कार a.

1 not courteous or civil, not respecting any one.

-2 disrespected, despised.

-नर a. abandoned by men, deserted.

-नाणक a. coinless, penniless; Mk.2.

-नाथ a. without a guardian or master. ˚ता

1 want of protection.

-2 widowhood.

-3 orphanage.

-नाभि a. going or reaching beyond the navel; निर्नाभि कौशेयमुपात्तबाणम् Ku.7.7.

-नायक a. having no leader or ruler, anarchic.

-नाशन, -नाशिन् a. expelling, banishing.

-निद्र a. sleepless, wakeful.

-निमित्त a.

1 causeless.

-2 disinterested.

-निमेष a. not twinkling.

-बन्धु a. without kindred or relation, friendless.

-बल n. powerless, weak, feeble.

-बाध a.

1 unobstructed.

-2 unfrequented, lonely, solitary.

-3 unmolested.

(-धः) 1 a part of the marrow.

-2 a knob.

-बीज a. seedless, impotent. (

-जा) a sort of grape (Mar. बेदाणा).

-बुद्धि a. stupid, ignorant, foolish.

-बुष, -बुस a. unhusked, freed from chaff.

-भक्त a. taken without eating (as a medicine).

-भय a.

1 fearless, undaunted.

-2 free from danger, safe, secure; निर्भयं तु भवेद्यस्य राष्ट्रं बाहुबलाश्रितम् Ms.9.255.

-भर a.

1 excessive, vehement, violent, much, strong; त्रपाभरनिर्भर- स्मरशर &c. Gīt.12; तन्व्यास्तिष्ठतु निर्भरप्रणयिता मानो$पि रम्यो- दयः Amaru.47.

-2 ardent.

-3 fast, close (as embrace); कुचकुम्भनिर्भरपरीरम्भामृतं वाञ्छति Gīt.; परिरभ्य निर्भरम् Gīt.1.

-4 sound, deep (as sleep).

-5 full of, filled with (at the end of comp.); आनन्द˚, गर्व˚ &c. (

-रः) a servant receiving no wages. (

-रम्) excess. (

-रम् ind.)

1 ex- cessively, exceedingly, intensely.

-2 soundly.

-भाग्य a. unfortunate, unlucky.

-भाज्य a. to be separated; स निर्भाज्यः स्वकादंशात् किंचिद्दत्वोपजीवनम् Ms.9.27.

-भृतिः a. without wages, hireless.

-भोगः a. not fond of plea- sures.

-मक्षिक a. 'free from flies', undisturbed, private, lonely. (

-कम्) ind. without flies, i. e. lonely, private; कृतं भवतेदानीं निर्मक्षिकम् Ś.2,6.

-मज्ज a. fatless, meagre.

-मत्सर a. free from envy, unenvious; निर्मत्सरे मत्समे वत्स... वसुन्धराभारमारोप्य Rāmāyaṇachampū.

-मत्स्य a. fishless.

-मद a.

1 not intoxicated, sober, quiet.

-2 not proud, humble.

-3 sad, sorry.

-4 not in rut (as an elephant).

-मनुज, -मनुष्य a. tenantless, uninhabited, deserted by men.

-मन्तु a. faultless, innocent.

-मन्त्र a.

1 a ceremony, unaccompanied by holy texts.

-2 not familiar with holy texts; Mb.12.36.43.

-मन्यु, -मन्युक a. free from anger; Mb.5.133.4.

-मम a.

1 free from all connections with the outer world, who has renounced all worldly ties; संसारमिव निर्ममः (ततार) R.12.6; Bg.2.71; निराशीर्निर्ममो भूत्वा युध्यस्व विगतज्वरः 3.3.

-2 unselfish, disinterested.

-3 indifferent to (with loc.); निर्ममे निर्ममो$र्थेषु मथुरां मधुराकृतिः R.15.28; प्राप्तेष्वर्थेषु निर्ममाः Mb.

-4 an epithet of Śiva.

-मर्याद a.

1 boundless, immeasurable.

-2 transgressing the limits of right or propriety, unrestrained, unruly, sinful, criminal; मनुजपशुभिर्निर्मर्यादैर्भवद्भिरुदायुधैः Ve.3.22.

-3 confused.

-4 insolent, immodest. (

-दम्) ind. confusedly, topsy- turvy. (

-दम्) confusion, disorder.

-मल a.

1 free from dirt or impurities, clear, pure, stainless, unsullied (fig. also); नीरान्निर्मलतो जनिः Bv.1.63.

-2 resplendent, bright; Bh.1.56.

-3 sinless, virtuous; निर्मलाः स्वर्गमायान्ति सन्तः सुकृतिनो यथा Ms.8.318.

(-लम्) 1 talc.

-2 the remainings of an offering made to a deity. ˚उपलः a crystal.

- मशक a. free from gnats.

-मांस a. fleshless; स्वल्प- स्नायुवसावशेषमलिनं निर्मांसमप्यस्थिकम् Bh.2.3.

-मान a.

1 without self-confidence.

-2 free from pride.

-मानुष a. uninhabited, desolate.

-मार्ग a. roadless, pathless.

-मिथ्य a. not false, true; H. Yoga.

-मुटः 1 a tree bearing large blossoms.

-2 the sun.

-3 a rogue. (

-टम्) a large free market or fair.

-मूल a.

1 rootless (as a tree).

-2 baseless, unfounded (statement, charge &c.).

-3 eradicated.

-मेघ a. cloudless.

-मेध a. without un- derstanding, stupid, foolish, dull.

-मोह a. free from illusion. (

-हः) an epithet of Śiva.

-यत्न a. inactive, lazy, dull.

-यन्त्रण a.

1 unrestrained, unobstructed, uncontrolled, unrestricted.

-2 unruly, self-willed, in- dependent.

(-णम्) 1 squeezing out.

-2 absence of restraint, independence.

-यशस्क a. without fame, dis- creditable, inglorious.

-युक्त a.

1 constructed, built.

-2 directed.

-3 (in music) limited to metre and mea- sure.

-युक्ति f.

1 disunion.

-2 absence of connection or government.

-3 unfitness, impropriety.

-युक्तिक a.

1 disjoined, unconnected.

-2 illogical, unmeaning.

-3 unfit, improper.

-यूथ a. separated from the herd, strayed from the flock (as an elephant).

-यूष = निर्यास.

-योगक्षेम a. free from care (about acquisition); Bg.2. 45.

-रक्त a. (

-नीरक्त) colourless, faded.

-रज, -रजस्क a.

(-नीरज, नीरजस्क) 1 free from dust.

-2 devoid of passion or darkness. (

-जः) an epithet of Śiva.

-रजस् (नरिजस्) a. see

नीरज. (-f.) a woman not men- struating. ˚तमसा absence of passion or darkness.

-रत (नीरत) a. not attached to, indifferent.

-रन्ध्र a.

(नीरन्ध्र) 1 without holes or interstices, very close or contiguous, thickly situated; नीरन्ध्रनीरनिचुलानि सरित्तटानि U.2.23.

-2 thick, dense.

-3 coarse, gross.

-रव a. (

-नीरव) not making any noise, noiseless; गतिविभ्रमसाद- नीरवा (रसना) R.8.58.

-रस a.

(नीरस) 1 tasteless, unsavoury, flavourless.

-2 (fig.) insipid, without any poetic charm; नीरसानां पद्मानाम् S. D.1.

-3 sapless, without juice, withered or dried up; Ś. Til.9.

-4 vain, use- less, fruitless; अलब्धफलनीरसान् मम विधाय तस्मिन् जने V.2.11.

-5 disagreeable.

-6 cruel, merciless. (

-सः) the pomegranate.

- रसन a. (

नीरसन) having no girdle (रसना); Ki.5.11.

-रुच् a. (

नीरुच्) without lustre, faded, dim; परिमलरुचिराभिर्न्यक्कृतास्तु प्रभाते युवतिभिरुप- भोगान्नीरुचः पुष्पमालाः Śi.11.27.

-रुज्, -रुज a. (नीरुज्, नीरुज) free from sickness, healthy, sound; नीरुजस्य किमौषधैः H.1.

-रूप a. (नीरूप) formless, shapeless.

(-पः) 1 air, wind.

-2 a god. (

-पम्) ether.

-रोग a. (नीरोग) free from sickness or disease, healthy, sound; यथा नेच्छति नीरोगः कदाचित् सुचिकित्सकम् Pt.1.118.

-लक्षण a.

1 having no auspicious marks, ill-featured.

-2 undisting- uished.

-3 unimportant, insignificant.

-4 unspotted.

-5 having a white back.

-लक्ष्य a. invisible.

-लज्ज a. shameless, impudent.

-लाञ्छनम् the marking of dome- stic animals (by perforating the nose &c.).

-लिङ्ग a. having no distinguishing or characteristic marks.

-लिप्त a.

1 unanointed.

-2 undefiled, unsullied.

-3 indifferent to.

(-प्तः) 1 N. of Kṛiṣṇa.

-2 a sage.

-लून a. cut through or off.

-लेप a.

1 unsmeared, unanointed; निर्लेपं काञ्चनं भाण्डमद्भिरेव विशुध्यति Ms.5.112.

-2 stainless, sinless. (

-पः) a sage.

-लोभ a. free from desire or avarice, unavaricious.

-लोमन् a. devoid of hair, hairless.

-वंश a. without posterity, childless.

- वचन a.

1 not speaking, silent.

-2 unobjectionable, blameless; (for other senses see the word separately).

-नम् ind. silently; माल्येन तां निर्वचनं जघान Ku.7.19.

-वण, -वन a.

1 being out of a wood.

-2 free from woods.

-3 bare, open.

-वत्सल a. not loving or fondling (esp. children); निर्वत्सले सुतशतस्य विपत्तिमेतां त्वं नानुचिन्तयसि Ve.5.3.

-वर = निर्दरम् q. v.

-वसु a. destitute of wealth, poor.

-वाच्य a.

1 not fit to be said.

-2 blameless, unobjectionable; सखीषु निर्वाच्य- मधार्ष्ट्यदूषितं प्रियाङ्गसंश्लेषमवाप मानिनी Ki.8.48.

-वात a. free or sheltered from wind, calm, still; हिमनिष्यन्दिनी प्रातर्निर्वातेव वनस्थली R.15.66. (

-तः) a place sheltered from or not exposed to wind; निर्वाते व्यजनम् H.2.124.

-वानर a. free from monkeys.

-वायस a. free from crows.

-वार्य a.

1 irresistible.

-2 acting fearlessly or boldly.

-विकल्प, -विकल्पक a.

1 not admitting an alternative.

-2 being without determination or resolu- tion.

-3 not capable of mutual relation.

-4 conditioned.

-5 undeliberative.

-6 recognizing no such distinction as that of subject and object, or of the knower and the known; as applied to समाधि or contemplation, it is 'an exclusive concentration upon the one entity without distinct and separate consciousness of the knower, the known, and the knowing, and without even self-consciousness'; निर्विकल्पकः ज्ञातृज्ञानादिविकल्पभेद- लयापेक्षः; नो चेत् चेतः प्रविश सहसा निर्विकल्पे समाधौ Bh.3.61; आत्मारामा विहितरतयो निर्विकल्पे समाधौ Ve.1.23.

-7 (in phil.) not arising from the relation of the qualifier and the qualified, (विशेषणविशेष्यसंबन्धानवगाहि प्रत्यक्षं ज्ञानम्) said of knowledge not derived from the senses, as घटत्व. (

-ल्पम्) ind. without hesitation or wavering.

-विकार a.

1 unchanged, unchangeable, immutable.

-2 not dispos- ed; तौ स्थास्यतस्ते नृपती निदेशे परस्परावग्रहनिर्विकारौ M.5.14.

-3 disinterested; तरुविटपलतानां बान्धवो निर्विकारः Ṛs.2.28. (

-रः) the Supreme deity.

-विकास a. unblown.

-विघ्न a. uninterrupted, unobstructed, free from impediments; निर्विघ्नं कुरु मे देव सर्वकार्येषु सर्वदा. (

-घ्नम्) absence of impedi- ment.

-विचार a. not reflecting, thoughtless, incon- siderate; रे रे स्वैरिणि निर्विचारकविते मास्मत्प्रकाशीभव Chandr. 1.2. (

-रम्) ind. thoughtlessly, unhesitatingly.

-वि- चिकित्स a. free from doubt or reflection.

-विचेष्ट a. motionless, insensible; यो हि दिष्टमुपासीनो निर्विचेष्टः सुखं शयेत् Mb.3.32.14.

-वितर्क a. unreflecting.

-विनोद a. without amusement, void of pastime, diversion or solace; शङ्के रात्रौ गुरुतरशुचं निर्विनोदां सखीं ते Me.9.

-विन्ध्या N. of a river in the Vindhya hills; निर्विन्ध्यायाः पथि भव रसाभ्यन्तरः सन्निपत्य Me.28.

-विमर्श a.

1 void of reflec- tion, thoughtless.

-2 not having विमर्श Sandhi.

-विवर a.

1 having no opening or cavity.

2 without interstices or interval, close, compact; घटते हि संहततया जनितामिदमेव निर्विवरतां दधतोः Śi.9.44.

-विवाद a.

1 not contending or disagreeing.

-2 undisputed, not contra- dicted or disputed, universally acknowledged.

-विवेक a. indiscreet, void of judgment, wanting in discrimination, foolish.

-विशङ्क a. fearless, undaunted, confident; Ms.7.176; यस्मिन्कृत्यं समावेश्य निर्विशङ्केन चेतसा । आस्यते सेवकः स स्यात् कलत्रमिव चापरम् ॥ Pt.1.85.

-विशेष a. showing or making no difference, indiscriminating, without dis- tinction; निर्विशेषा वयं त्वयि Mb.; निर्विशेषो विशेषः Bh.3.5. 'a difference without distinction'.

-2 having no difference, same, like, not differing from (oft. in comp.); निर्विशेषाकृति 'having the same form'; प्रवातनीलो- त्पलनिर्विशेषम् Ku.1.46; स निर्विशेषप्रतिपत्तिरासीत् R.14.22.

-3 indiscriminate, promiscuous. (

-षः) absence of difference. (निर्विशेषम् and निर्विशेषेण are used adverbially in the sense of 'without difference', 'equally', indiscrimi- nately'; क्रुद्धेन विप्रमुक्तो$यं निर्विशेषं प्रियाप्रिये Rām.7.22.41. स्वगृहनिर्विशेषमत्र स्थीयताम् H.1; R.5.6.).

-विशेषण a. without attributes.

-विष a. poisonless (as a snake); निर्विषा डुण्डुभाः स्मृताः.

-विषङ्ग a. not attached, indifferent.

-विषय a.

1 expelled or driven away from one's home, residence or proper place; मनोनिर्विषयार्थकामया Ku.5.38; R.9.32; also

-निर्विषयीकृत; वने प्राक्कलनं तीर्थं ये ते निर्विषयी- कृताः Rām.2.14.4.

-2 having no scope or sphere of action; किंच एवं काव्यं प्रविरलविषयं निर्विषयं वा स्यात् S. D.1.

-3 not attached to sensual objects (as mind).

-विषाण a. destitute of horns.

-विहार a. having no pleasure.

-वीज, -बीज a.

1 seedless.

-2 impotent.

-3 causeless.

-वीर a.

1 deprived of heroes; निर्वीरमुर्वीतलम् P. R.1.31.

-2 cowardly.

-वीरा a woman whose husband and children are dead.

-वीर्य a. powerless, feeble, unmanly, impotent; निर्वीर्यं गुरुशापभाषितवशात् किं मे तवेवायुधम् Ve.3.34.

-वीरुध, -वृक्ष a. treeless.

-वृत्ति f. accomplishment, achievement; अत आसां निर्वृत्त्या अपवर्गः स्यात् । आतण्डुलनिर्वृत्तेः आ च पिष्टनिर्वृत्तेरभ्यास इति ॥ ŚB. on MS.11.1.27. -a. having no occupation, destitute. See निर्वृति.

-वृष a. depriv- ed of bulls.

-वेग a. not moving, quiet, calm.

-वेतन a honorary, unsalaried.

-वेद a. not acknowledging the Vedas, an atheist, infidel.

-वेष्टनम् a. a weaver's shuttle.

-वैर a. free from enmity, amicable, peaceable. (

-रम्) absence of enmity.

-वैलक्ष्य a. shameless.

-व्यञ्जन a.

1 straight-forward.

-2 without condiment. (

-नम् ind.) plainly, in a straight-forward or honest manner.

-व्यथ, -न a.

1 free from pain.

-2 quiet, calm.

-व्यथनम् a hole; छिद्रं निर्व्यथनम् Ak.

-व्यपेक्ष a. indifferent to, regardless of; मृग्यश्च दर्भाङ्कुरनिर्व्यपेक्षास्तवागतिज्ञं समबोधयन् माम् R.13.25;14.39.

-व्यलीक a.

1 not hurting or offending.

-2 without pain.

-3 pleased, doing anything willingly.

-4 sincere, genuine, undissembling.

-व्यवधान a. (ground) uncovered, bare.

-व्यवश्थ a. moving hither and thither.

-व्यसन a. free from bad inclination.

-व्याकुल a. calm.

-व्याघ्र a. not haunted or infested by tigers.

-व्याज a.

1 candid, upright, honest, plain.

-2 without fraud, true, genuine.

-3 got by heroism or daring deeds (not by fraud or cowardly conduct); अशस्त्रपूतनिर्व्याजम् (महामांसम्) Māl.5.12. (v. l.)

-4 not hypocritical; धर्मस्य निर्व्याजता (विभूषणम्) Bh.2.82. (

-जम् ind.) plainly, honestly, candidly; निर्व्याजमालिङ्गितः Amaru.85.

-व्याजीकृत a. made plain, freed from deceit.

-व्यापार a.

1 without employment or business, free from occupation; तं दधन्मैथिलीकण्ठनिर्व्यापारेण बाहुना R.15.56.

-2 motionless; U.6.

-व्यावृत्ति a. not invol- ving any return (to worldly existence).

-व्रण a.

1 un- hurt, without wounds.

-2 without rents.

-व्रत a. not observing vows.

-व्रीड a. shameless, impudent.

-हिमम् cessation of winter.

-हेति a. weaponless.

-हेतु a. cause- less, having no cause or reason.

-ह्रीक a.

1 shameless, impudent.

-2 bold, daring.

प्रधान a.

1 Chief, principal, pre-eminent, main, best, most excellent; as in; प्रधानामात्य, प्रधानपुरुष &c.; रत्नैश्च पूजयेदेनं प्रधानपुरुषैः सह Ms.7.23; प्रधानफलं वा आनुषङ्गिकं वा सर्वमेव आधातरि समवेतुमर्हति ŚB. on. MS.6.2.1; 'यस्मिन् कुले यः पुरुषः प्रधानः स सर्वयत्नेन हि रक्षणीयः'.

-2 Principally inherent, prevalent, predominant.

-नम् 1 The chief thing or object, most important thing; head, chief; न परिचयो मलिनात्मनां प्रधानम् Śi.7.61; G. L.18; प्रयोगप्रधानं हि नाट्यशास्त्रम् M.1; शमप्रधानेषु तपो- धनेषु Ś.2.7; गुणैश्च तैस्तैर्विनयप्रधानैः R.6.79.

-2 The first evolver, originator, or source of the material world, the primary germ out of which all material appear- ances are evolved, according to Sāṅkhya philosophy; न पुनरपि प्रधानवादी अशब्दत्वं प्रधानस्या सिद्धमित्याह Ś. B.; see प्रकृति also; प्रधानक्षेत्रज्ञपतिर्गुणेशः Śvet. Up.6.16; एतस्याद्या प्रवृत्तिस्तु प्रधानात् संप्रवर्तते Mb.12.25.25.

-3 The Supreme Spirit.

-4 Intellect, understanding; एको मयेह भगवान् विबुधप्रधानैश्चित्तीकृतः प्रजननाय कथं नु यूयम् Bhāg.4.1.28.

-5 The principal member of a compound.

-नः, -नम् 1 The principal attendant or companion of a king (his minister or confidant).

-2 A noble, courtier.

-3 An elephant-driver.

-4 The commander-in-chief.

-Comp. -अङ्गम् 1 the principal branch or part of anything.

-2 the chief member of the body.

-3 the principal or most eminent person in a state.

-अमात्यः the prime-minister, premier.

-आत्मन् m. an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-उत्तम a.

1 eminent, most illustrious.

-2 war- like, brave.

-कर्मन् n.,

कार्यम् 1 the chief business, the principal act; यस्यैव प्रधानकर्मफलं तस्यैवानुषङ्गिकमपि भवितुमर्हति ŚB. on MS.6.2.1.

-2 (Medic.) the principal mode of treatment.

-कारणवादः the doctrine that प्रधान is the original cause (according to Sāṅkhyas).

-धातुः the chief element of the body; i. e. semen virile.

-पुरुषः 1 the principal or most eminent person (in a state &c.) Ms.7.23; Pt.3.138. ˚अतीतः transcending प्रधान and पुरुष (matter and spirit).

-2 an epithet of Śiva.

-भाज् a.

1 most distinguished.

-2 receiving the chief share.

-मन्त्रिन् m. the prime-minister.

-वादिन् m. one who asserts the Sāṅkhya doctrine (of प्रधान).

-वासस् n. a principal garment; (du.) the two chief garments.

-वृष्टिः f. a heavy shower of rain.

-शिष्ट a. taught or prescribed as of primary importance.

-सभिकः the chief of a gambling house.

भूत p. p. [भू-क्त]

1 Become, being, existing.

-2 Produced, formed.

-3 Actually being, really happened, true; भूताश्चार्था विरुद्ध्यन्ति देशकालविरोधिताः Rām.5.3.37.

-4 Right, proper, fit; अभूतेनापवादेन कीर्तीं निपतितामिव Rām. 5.15.34; भूतार्थव्याहृतिः सा हि न स्तुतिः परमेष्ठिनः R.1.33.

-5 Past, gone.

-6 Obtained.

-7 Mixed or joined with.

-8 Being like, similar, (see भू); मग्नां द्विषच्छद्मनि पङ्कभूते Ki.3.39.

-तः 1 A son, child.

-2 An epithet of Śiva.

-3 The fourteenth day of the dark half of a lunar month (also भूता).

-4 A great devotee.

-5 N. of a priest of the gods.

-6 The dark fortnight of a month (कृष्णपक्ष).

-7 see भूतगण.

-तम् 1 Any being (human, divine or even inanimate); इत्थं रतेः किमपि भूतमदृश्यरूपं मन्दीचकार मरणव्यवसायबुद्धिम् Ku.4.45; Pt.2. 87.

-2 A living being, an animal, a creature; क्षरः सर्वाणि भूतानि कूटस्थो$क्षर उच्यते Bg.15.16; भूतेषु किं च करुणां बहुली- करोति Bv.1.122; U.4.6.

-3 A spirit, ghost, an imp, a devil (m. also in these senses); ततो रक्षां महातेजः कुरु भूतविनाशिनीम् Rām.7.66.3.

-4 An element; (they are five, i. e. पृथ्वी, अप्, तेजस्, वायु, and आकाश); तं वेधा विदधे नूनं महाभूतसमाधिना R.1.29.

-5 An actual occurrence, a fact, a matter of fact.

-6 The past, past time.

-7 The world.

-8 Well-being, welfare.

-9 A symbolical expression for the number 'five'.

-1 Fitness, propriety.

-Comp. -अनुकम्पा compassion for all beings; भूतानुकम्पा तव चेत् R.2.48.

-अनुवादः a mention of established facts, a variety of अर्थवाद (q. v.); भूतानुवादमात्रमनर्थकम् ŚB. on MS.1.2.4.

-अन्तकः the god of death, Yama.

-अभिषङ्गः possession by evil spirits.

-अरिः Asa Fœtida.

-अर्थः 1 the fact, real fact, true state, truth, reality; आर्ये कथयामि ते भूतार्थम् Ś.1; भूतार्थशोभाह्नियमाणनेत्रा Ku.7.13; कः श्रद्धास्यति भूतार्थं सर्वो मां तुलयिष्यति Mk.3.24.

-2 an element of life. ˚कथनम्, ˚व्याहृतिः f. a statement of facts; भूतार्थव्याहृतिः सा हि न स्तुतिः परमेष्ठिनः R.1.33.

-अवमानिन् m. despiser of all; भूतावमानी हैहयश्चार्जुनः Kau. A.1.6.

-आत्मक a. consisting or composed of the elements.

-आत्मन् 1 one whose soul is purified.

-2 composed of the five elements (as the body); cf. Ms.12.12. (-m.)

1 the individual (as opposed to the Supreme Soul); विद्यातपोभ्यां भूतात्मा बुद्धिर्ज्ञानेन शुद्ध्यति Ms.5.19; विधमिष्यति ते देहे भूतात्मानं चिरोषितम् Rām.6.59. 55.

-2 an epithet of Brahman.

-3 of Śiva.

-4 of Viṣṇu; भूतात्मा भूतभावनः V. Sah.

-5 an elementary substance.

-6 the body.

-7 war, conflict.

-8 the elementary or vital principle.

-9 a soul which clings to the elements, a carnal mind; भूतात्मनस्तपोविद्ये बुद्धेर्ज्ञानं विशोधनम् Y.3.34.

-आदिः 1 the Supreme Spirit.

-2 an epithet of Ahaṁkāra (in Sāṅkhya phil.).

-आर्त a. possessed by a devil.

-आवासः 1 the body.

-2 an epithet of &Scute;iva.

-3 of Viṣṇu; वसन्ति त्वयि भूतानि भूतावासस्ततो हरिः Hariv.

-आविष्ट a. possessed by a devil or evil spirit.

-आवेशः demoniac possession.

-इज्यम्, -इज्या making oblations to the Bhūtas.

-इन्द्रियजयिन् m. a kind of ascetic.

-इष्टा the fourteenth day of a lunar fortnight.

-ईशः 1 an epithet of Brahman.

-2 of Viṣṇu.

-3 of Śiva; भूतेशस्य भुजङ्गवल्लिवलयस्रङ्नद्धजूटा जटाः Māl.1.2; भूतेशप्रीति- हेतोः Udb.

-ईश्वरः an epithet of Śiva; भूयः स भूतेश्वर- पार्श्ववर्ती R.2.46.

-उन्मादः demoniac possession.

-उपदेशः a reference to past things or such as already exist.

-उपसृष्ट, -उपहत a. possessed by a devil.

-ओदनः a dish of rice (eaten to counteract the influence of demons).

-कर्तृ, -कृत् m. an epithet of Brahman; सर्वलोकप्रभुर्ब्रह्मा भूतकर्तृ तथर्षयः Rām.2.25.25; ततस्थानाह भूत- कृत् 7.4.12.

-कला f. a power which produces the five elements; धरादिपञ्चभूतानां निवृत्त्याद्याः कलाः स्मृताः Śāradātilakam.

-कालः 1 past time.

-2 (in gram.) the past or preterite time.

-केशी the holy basil.

-कोटिः absolute non-entity; Bhddh.

-क्रान्तिः f. possession by a devil.

-गणः 1 the collection of created beings.

-2 the whole class of spirits or devils; प्रेतान् भूतागणांश्चान्ये यजन्ते तामसा जनाः Bg.17.4.

-गत्या truthfully; तदखिलमिह भूतं भूतगत्या...... अभिलषति स्म N.9.159.

-गुणः a quality of the elements; शब्दस्पर्शरूपरसगन्धा भूतगुणाः स्मृताः Śāradātilakam.

-ग्रस्त possessed by a devil.

-ग्रामः 1 the whole multitude or aggregate of living beings; U.7; भूतग्रामः स एवायं भूत्वा भूत्वा प्रलीयते Bg.8.19.

-2 a multitude of spirits.

-3 the body.

-घ्नः 1 a kind of birch tree.

-2 a camel.

-3 garlic. (

-घ्नी) the holy basil.

-चतुर्दशी the fourteenth day of the dark half of Kārtika.

-चारिन् m. an epithet of Śiva.

-चिन्तकः = स्वभाववादिन् q. v.; दैवमित्यपरे विप्राः स्वभावं भूतचिन्तकाः Mb.12.232.19.

-चिन्तनिकः an adherent to the doctrine that the mind or intellect is produced from material elements.

-चिन्ता an enquiry into the ele- ments, investigation into their nature.

-चैतन्यम् intellect- uality of matter.

-जननी the mother of all beings.

-जयः victory over the elements.

-तन्त्रम् the doctrine of spirits.

-तन्मात्रम् a subtle element.

-दया compassion towards all beings, universal benevolence.

-द्रुमः Cordia Latifolia (Mar. भोंकर).

-द्रुह्, -ध्रुक् a. injurious, mali- cious.

-धरा, -धात्री, -धारिणी the earth.

-धात्री sleep.

-नाथः an epithet of Śiva; तद् भूतनाथानुग नार्हसि त्वम् R.2.58.

-नायिका an epithet of Durgā.

-नाशनः 1 the marking-nut plant.

-2 mustard.

-3 pepper.

(-नम्) 1 Asa Fœtida.

-2 a bead used for rosaries (रुद्राक्ष).

-निचयः the body.

-पक्षः the dark fortnight.

-पतिः 1 an epithet of Śiva; ध्यानास्पदं भूतपतेर्विवश Ku.3.43,74.

-2 of Agni.

-3 the sacred basil.

-4 the sky; ज्वलसि यन्निशि भूतपतिं श्रितः N.4.55.

-पत्री the holy basil.

-पालः the guardian of living beings.

-पूर्णिमा the day of full- moon in the month of Āśvina.

-पूर्वम् ind. formerly. a.

1 former, ancient, old; पश्यामि च जनस्थानं भूतपूर्वखरा- लयम् U.2.17.

-2 deceased.

-प्रकृतिः f. the origin of all beings; यामाहुः सर्वभूतप्रकृतिरिति Ś.1.1 (v. l.).

-बलिः = भूतयज्ञ q. v.

-ब्रह्मन् m. a low Brāhmaṇa who maintains himself with the offerings made to an idol; see देवल.

-भर्तृ a. sustaining all beings; भूतभर्तृ च तज्ज्ञेयं ग्रसिष्णु प्रभविष्णु च Bg.13.16. -m. an epithet of Śiva.

-भव a. existing in all beings.

-भव्यम् past and future.

-भावनः 1 an epithet of Brahman.

-2 of Viṣṇu.

-भाविन् a.

1 creating living beings.

-भाषा, -भाषितम् the language of devils.

-भृत् a. sustaining the elements or creatures; भूतभृन्न च भूतस्थो ममात्मा भूतभावनः Bg.9.5.

-भौतिक a. consisting of the elements.

-महेश्वरः an epithet of Śiva.

-मातृ f. an epithet of Gaurī.

-मातृका the earth.

-मात्रम्, -त्रा the rudiment of an element.

-मात्रा f. pl. the coarse and subtile elements; तास्वेव भूतमात्रासु प्रलीयन्ते विभागशः Ms.12.17.

-यज्ञः an oblation or offering to all created beings, one of the five daily Yajñas to be perfo- rmed by a householder.

-योनिः the origin of all created beings.

-रयाः a. a class of gods under the 5th Manu; Bhāg.

-राज् m. an epithet of Śiva.

-लिपिः a particular magic formula.

-वर्गः the whole class of spirits.

-वादिन् a. telling the real fact or truth.

-वासः the Bibhītaka tree.

-वाहनः an epithet of Śiva.

-विक्रिया 1 epilepsy.

-2 possession by a devil.

-विज्ञान, -विद्या demonology (भूतविद्या); Ch. Up.7.1.2.

-विनायकः a leader of evil beings; Bhāg.

-विभुः a king; शाहभूविभुः Śāhendra. 2.93.

-वृक्षः the Bibhītaka tree.

-वेशी a white flowering Vitex Negundo (Mar. निर्गुडी).

-शुद्धिः f. purifica- tion of the elements (of the body).

-संसारः 1 the world of mortals.

-2 the course of existence; घोरे$स्मिन् भूतसंसारे नित्यं सततयायिनि Ms.1.5.

-संघः the totality of beings or of the elements.

-संचारः demoniac possession.

-संचारिन् m. a forest conflagration.

-संप्लवः universal deluge or destruction; आभूतसंप्लवस्थानममृतत्वं हि भाषते.

-समागमः the meeting of mortals; यथा काष्ठं च... समेत्य च व्यपेयातां तद्वद् भूतसमागमः Mb.12.28.36.

-सर्गः 1 the creation of the world, the class or order of created beings.

-2 creation of the elements.

-साक्षिन् m. 'all- seeing', an eye-witness of created beings.

-साधनी the earth.

-सूक्ष्मम् a subtle element.

-सृज् m. an epithet of Brahman; बहुधा गतां जगति भूतसृजा कमनीयतां समभिहृत्य पुरा Ki.6.42.

-सृष्टिः f.

1 the illusion effected by the power of Bhūtas.

-2 the whole class of Bhūtas taken collectively.

-स्थानम् 1 the abode of living beings.

-2 the abode of demons.

-हत्या destruction of living beings.

-हन्त्री a species of Dūrvā grass.

-हरः bdellium.

-हासः a kind of fever.

योगः [युज् भावादौ घञ् कुत्वम्]

1 Joining, uniting.

-2 Union, junction, combination; उपरागान्ते शशिनः समुपगता रोहिणी योगम् Ś.7.22; गुणमहतां महते गुणाय योगः Ki.1.25; (वां) योगस्तडित्तोयदयोरिवास्तु R.6.65.

-3 Contact, touch, connection; तमङ्कमारोप्य शरीरयोगजैः सुखैर्निषिञ्चन्तमिवामृतं त्वचि R.3.26.

-4 Employment, application, use; एतै- रुपाययोगैस्तु शक्यास्ताः परिरक्षितुम् Ms.9.1; R.1.86.

-5 Mode, manner, course, means; ज्ञानविज्ञानयोगेन कर्मणा- मुद्धरन् जटाः Bhāg.3.24.17; कथायोगेन बुध्यते H.1. 'In the course of conversation'.

-6 Consequence, result; (mostly at the end of comp on in abl.); रक्षायोगादयमपि तपः प्रत्यहं संचिनोति Ś.2.15; Ku.7.55.

-7 A yoke.

-8 A convey- ance, vehicle, carriage.

-9 (a) An armour. (b) Put- ting on armour.

-1 Fitness, propriety, suitableness.

-11 An occupation, a work, business.

-12 A trick, fraud, device; योगाधमनविक्रीतं योगदानप्रतिग्रहम् Ms.8.165.

-13 An expedient, plan, means in general.

-14 Ende- avour, zeal, diligence, assiduity; ज्ञानमेकस्थमाचार्ये ज्ञानं योगश्च पाण़्डवे Mb.7.188.45. इन्द्रियाणां जये योगं समातिष्ठेद् दिवा- निशम् Ms.7.44.

-15 Remedy, cure.

-16 A charm, spell, incantation, magic, magical art; तथाख्यातविधानं च योगः संचार एव च Mb.12.59.48.

-17 Gaining, acqui- ring, acquisition; बलस्य योगाय बलप्रधानम् Rām.2.82.3.

-18 The equipment of an army.

-19 Fixing, putting on, practice; सत्येन रक्ष्यते धर्मो विद्या योगेन रक्ष्यते Mb.5.34. 39.

-2 A side; an argument.

-21 An occasion, oppor- tunity.

-22 Possibility, occurrence.

-23 Wealth, sub- stance.

-24 A rule, precept.

-25 Dependence, relation, regular order or connection, dependence of one word upon another.

-26 Etymology or derivation of the meaning of a word.

-27 The etymological meaning of a word (opp. रूढि); अवयवशक्तिर्योगः.

-28 Deep and ab- stract meditation, concentration of the mind, contempla- tion of the Supreme Spirit, which in Yoga phil. is defined as चित्तवृत्तिनिरोध; स ब्रह्मयोगयुक्तात्मा सुखमक्षयमश्नुते Bg. 5.21; सती सती योगविसृष्टदेहा Ku.1.21; V.1.1; योगेनान्ते तनुत्यजाम् R.1.8.

-29 The system of philosophy established by Patañjali, which is considered to be the second division of the Sāṁkhya philosophy, but is prac- tically reckoned as a separate system; एकं सांख्यं च योगं च यः पश्यति स पश्यति Bg.5.5. (The chief aim of the Yoga philosophy is to teach the means by which the human soul may be completely united with the Supreme Spirit and thus secure absolution; and deep abstract medita- tion is laid down as the chief means of securing this end, elaborate rules being given for the proper practice of such Yoga or concentration of mind.)

-3 A follow- er of the Yoga system of philosophy; जापकैस्तुल्यफलता योगानां नात्र संशयः Mb.12.2.23.

-31 (In arith.) Addition.

-32 (In astr.) Conjunction, lucky conjunc- tion.

-33 A combination of stars.

-34 N. of a parti- cular astronomical division of time (27 such Yogas are usually enumerated).

-35 The principal star in a lunar mansion.

-36 Devotion, pious seeking after god.

-37 A spy, secret agent.

-38 A traitor, a violator of truth or confidence.

-39 An attack; योगमाज्ञापयामास शिकस्य विषयं प्रति Śiva B.13.7.

-4 Steady applica- tion; श्रुताद् हि प्रज्ञा, प्रज्ञया योगो योगादात्मवत्ता Kau. A.1.5; मयि चानन्ययोगेन भक्तिरव्यभिचारिणी Bg.13.1.

-41 Ability, power; एतां विभूतिं योगं च मम यो वेत्ति तत्त्वतः Bg. 1.7; पश्य मे योगमैश्वरम् 11.8.

-42 Equality, sameness; समत्वं योग उच्यते Bg.2.48.

-Comp. -अङ्गम् a means of attaining Yoga; (these are eight; for their names see यम 5.)

-अञ्जनम् a healing ointment.

-अनुशासनम् the doctrine of the Yoga.

-अभ्यासिन् a. practising the Yoga philosophy.

-आख्या a name based on mere casual contact; स्याद् योगाख्या हि माथुरवत् MS.1.3. 21. (cf. एषा योगाख्या योगमात्रापेक्षा न भूतवर्तमानभविष्यत्सं- बन्धापेक्षा ŚB. on ibid.)

-आचारः 1 the practice or obser- vance of Yoga.

-2 a follower of that Buddhist school which maintains the eternal existence of intelligence or विज्ञान alone.

-3 An act of fraud or magic; ततो$नेन योगाचारन्यायेन दूरमाकृष्य Mv.4.

-आचार्यः 1 a teacher of magic.

-2 a teacher of the Yoga philosophy.

-आधमनम् a fraudulent pledge; योगाधमनविक्रीतम् Ms.8.165.

-आपत्तिः modification of usage.

-आरूढ a. engaged in profound and abstract meditation; योगारूढस्य तस्यैव शमः कारणमुच्यते Bg.6.3.

-आवापः the first attitude of an archer.

-आसनम् a posture suited to profound and abstract meditation.

-इन्द्रः, -ईशः, -ईश्वरः 1 an adept in or a master of Yoga.

-2 one who has obtained superhuman faculties.

-3 a magician.

-4 a deity.

-5 an epithet of Śiva.

-6 a Vetāla.

-7 an epithet of Yājñavalkya.

-इष्टम् 1 tin.

-2 lead.

-कक्षा = योगपट्टम् below.

-कन्या N. of the infant daughter of Yaśodā (substituted as the child of Devakī for Kṛiṣṇa and killed by Kaṁsa).

-क्षेमः 1 security of possession, keeping safe of property.

-2 the charge for securing property from accidents, insurance; Ms.7.127.

-3 welfare, well-being, secu- rity, prosperity; तेषां नित्याभियुक्तानां योगक्षेमं वहाम्यहम् Bg. 9.22; मुग्धाया मे जनन्या योगक्षेमं वहस्व M.4.

-4 property, profit, gain.

-5 property designed for pious uses; cf. Ms.9.219.

-मौ, -मे or

-मम् (i. e. m. or n. dual or n. sing.) acquisition and preservation (of property), gain and security, preserving the old and acquiring the new (not previously obtained); अलभ्यलाभो योगः स्यात् क्षेमो लब्धस्य पालनम्; see Y.1.1 and Mit, thereon; तेन भृता राजानः प्रजानां योगक्षेमवहाः Kau. A.1.13; आन्वी- क्षिकीत्रयीवार्तानां योगक्षेमसाधनो दण्डः । तस्य नीतिः दण्डनीतिः Kau. A.1.4.

-गतिः f.

1 Primitive condition.

-2 the state of union.

-गामिन् a. going (through the air) by means of magical power.

-चक्षुस् m. a Brāhmaṇa

-चरः N. of Hanumat.

-चूर्णम् a magical powder, a powder having magical virtues; कल्पितमनेन योगचूर्णमिश्रितमौषधं चन्द्रगुप्ताय Mu.2.

-जम् agallochum.

-तल्पम् = योगनिद्रा.

-तारका, -तारा the chief star in a Nakṣatra or constellation.

-दण्डः a magic wand; Sinhās.

-दानम् 1 communica- ting the Yoga doctrine.

-2 a fraudulent gift.

-धारणा perseverance or steady continuance in devotion.

-नाथः 1 an epithet of Śiva.

-2 of Datta.

-नाविका, -कः a kind of fish;

-निद्रा 1 a state of half contemplation and half sleep, a state between sleep and wakefulness; i. e. light sleep; गर्भे प्रणीते देवक्या रोहिणीं योगनिद्रया Bhāg.1. 2.15; योगनिद्रां गतस्य मम Pt.1; H.3.75; ब्रह्मज्ञानाभ्यसन- विधिना योगनिद्रां गतस्य Bh.3.41.

-2 particularly, the sleep of Viṣṇu at the end of a Yuga; R.1.14; 13.6.

-3 N. of Durgā.

-4 the great sleep of Brahmā during the period between प्रलय and उत्पत्ति of the universe.

-निद्रालुः N. of Viṣṇu.

-निलयः N. of Śiva or Viṣṇu.

-पट्टम् a cloth thrown over the back and knees of an ascetic during abstract meditation; क्षणनीरवया यया निशि श्रितवप्रावलियोगपट्टया N.2.78; एकान्तावलम्बितयोगपट्टिकाम् गुहाम् K. Pūrvabhāga.

-पतिः an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-पदम् a state of self-concentration.

-पादुका a magical shoe (taking the wearer anywhere he wishes).

-पानम् a liquor adult- erated with narcotics.

-पारगः N. of Śiva.

-पीठम् a particular posture during Yoga meditation.

-पीडः, -डम् a kind of posture of the gods.

-पुरुषः a spy; यथा च योगपुरुषैरन्यान् राजाधितिष्ठति Kau. A.1.21.

-बलम् 1 the power of devotion or abstract meditation, any superna- tural power.

-2 power of magic.

-भावना (in alg.) composition of numbers by the sum of their products.

-भ्रष्ट a. one who has fallen from the practice of Yoga.

-माया 1 the magical power of the Yoga.

-2 the power of God in the creation of the world personified as a deity; (भगवतः सर्जनार्था शक्तिः); नाहं प्रकाशः सर्वस्य योगमायासमावृतः Bg.7.25.

-3 N. of Durgā.

-यात्रा the way to the union with the Supreme Spirit; the way of attaining Yoga.

-युक्त a. immersed in deep meditation, absorbed; योगयुक्तो भवार्जुन Bg.8.27;5.6-7.

-रङ्गः the orange.

-रत्नम् a magical jewel.

-राजः 1 a kind of medicinal preparation.

-2 one well-versed in Yoga.

-रूढ a.

1 having an etymological as well as a special or conventional meaning (said of a word); e. g. the word पङ्कज etymologically means 'anything produced in mud', but in usage or popular convention it is restricted to some things only produced in mud, such as the lotus; cf. the word आतपत्र or 'parasol'.

-2 engaged in meditation (s. v.

-आरूढ); ध्यायन्ते...... योगिनो योगरूढाः Brav. P. ब्रह्मखण्ड 1.3.

-रोचना a kind of magical ointment said to have the power of making one invisible or invulnerable; तेन च परितुष्टेन योगरोचना मे दत्ता Mk.3.

-वर्तिका a magical lamp or wick.

-वरः an epithet of Hanumant; L. D. B.

-वामनम् secret con- trivances; Kau. A.

-वासिष्ठम् N. of a work (treating of the means of obtaining final beatitude by means of Yoga).

-वाहः a term for the sounds विसर्जनीय, जिह्वामूलीय, उपध्मानीय and नासिक्य q. q. v. v.

-वाह a. resolving (chemically).

-वाहिन् a. assimilating to one's self. -m., n. medium for mixing medicines (such as natron, honey, mercury); नानाद्रव्यात्मकत्वाञ्च योगवाहि परं मधु Suśr.

-वाही 1 an alkali.

-2 honey.

-3 quick- silver.

-विक्रयः a fraudulent sale.

-विद् a.

1 knowing the proper method, skilful, clever.

-2 conversant with Yoga. (-m.)

1 an epithet of Śiva.

-2 a practiser of Yoga.

-3 a follower of the Yoga doctrines.

-4 a magician.

-5 a compounder of medicines.

-विद्या the science of Yoga.

-विधिः practice of Yoga or mental abstraction; न च योगविधेर्नवेतरः स्थिरधीरा परमात्मदर्शनात् (विरराम) R.8.22.

-विभागः separation of that which is usually combined together into one; especially, the separation of the words of a Sūtra, the splitting of one rule into two or more (frequently used by Patañjali in his Mahābhāṣya; e. g. see अदसो मात् P.I.1.12).

-शब्दः a word the meaning of which is plain from the etymo- logy.

-शायिन् a. half asleep and half absorbed in con- templation; cf. योगनिद्रा.

-शास्त्रम् the Yoga philosophy, esp. the work of Patañjali.

-संसिद्धिः perfection in Yoga.

-समाधिः the absorption of the soul in profound and ab- stract contemplation; तमसः परमापदव्ययं पुरुषं योगसमाधिना रघुः R.8.24.

-सारः a universal remedy; a panacea.

-सिद्धिः f. achievement in succession i. e. by separate performance; पर्यायो योगसिद्धिः ŚB. on MS. ˚न्यायः the rule according to which when an act (e. g. दर्शपूर्णमास) is said to yield all desired objects, what is meant is that it can yield them only one at a time and not all simultaneously. This is established by जैमिनि and शबर in MS.4.3.27-28. Thus for the achievement of each separate काम, a separate performance of the याग is necessary; (see दर्शपूर्णमासन्याय).

-सूत्रम् aphorisms of the Yoga system of philosophy (attributed to Patañjali).

-सेवा the practice of abstract meditation.